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1. Geology is a scientific field that studies the Earth, including its materials, structure, and processes. Geology is best defined as the study of:
2. The Earth’s crust is the outermost layer made mainly of solid materials forming continents and ocean floors. The crust is mainly composed of:
3. The Earth has internal layers including the crust, mantle, and core arranged from surface to centre. Which layer lies directly beneath the crust?
4. Fossils are preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms found in rock layers. Fossils help scientists to:
5. Earth’s history is divided into time units based on major geological and biological events. The geological time scale is based on:
6. The lithosphere is divided into large moving sections according to plate tectonic theory. This theory explains the movement of:
7. At convergent plate boundaries, tectonic plates move toward each other causing geological activity. A convergent boundary involves:
8. Earthquakes occur when stress is suddenly released along fractures in the Earth’s crust. They commonly occur along:
9. Volcanoes form when molten rock rises through openings in the Earth’s crust. Volcanoes are mainly formed due to:
10. Igneous rocks are one of the three major rock types and form from molten material. Igneous rocks are formed by:
11. Sedimentary rocks form from accumulated sediments over long periods. These rocks are typically formed through:
12. The Earth changes continuously due to internal and external forces. The dynamic nature of the Earth refers to:
13. Continental drift theory states that continents have moved over geological time. This theory explains the:
14. Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances with definite properties. A mineral must have:
15. Fossil fuels such as oil and gas form over millions of years from ancient organic matter. They are classified as:
16. Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rocks are subjected to heat and pressure. This process is known as:
17. Soil formation is influenced by parent rock, climate, and biological activity. The layer of soil rich in organic matter is called:
18. Natural hazards such as landslides, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions are part of geological processes. They occur mainly due to:
19. Rivers and glaciers shape the Earth’s surface by wearing down rock and transporting sediments. This type of process is called:
20. PNG has diverse mineral resources such as gold, copper, and nickel. The extraction of these resources is part of:
Papua New Guinea students should actively practise these Grade 11 and 12 Geology questions because they are directly aligned with the national Upper Secondary curriculum and help strengthen understanding of key concepts likely to appear in national examinations. Mastering topics such as plate tectonics, rock formation, natural hazards, and resource management not only improves exam performance but also builds critical thinking and scientific reasoning skills. Strong results in Geology can open pathways into important careers in PNG’s growing sectors, including mining, petroleum, environmental science, engineering, disaster management, and land resource planning. By practising structured, exam-style questions like these, students increase their confidence, accuracy, and readiness for both national assessments and future professional opportunities.
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